The heat shock proteins (HSPs) are ubiquitous and conserved protein families in both
prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, and they maintain cellular proteostasis and protect …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Pathophysiological similarities between
chronic infections and atherosclerosis triggered interest in a clinical association between …

The mitochondria are essential organelles that generate large amounts of ATP via the
electron transport chain (ECT). Mitochondrial dysfunction causes reactive oxygen species …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the arterial wall where both innate and adaptive
immunoinflammatory mechanisms are involved. Inflammation is central at all stages of …

Calcitonin (CT) is a hormone that received its name because of its secretion in response to
induced hypercalcemia and its hypocalcemic effect (1). It was shown to originate from the …

Until recently, heat shock proteins (also known as heat stress proteins) have mostly been
regarded as intracellular molecules that mediate a range of essential housekeeping and …

Background—Inflammatory processes have fundamental roles in stroke in both the etiology
of ischemic cerebrovascular disease and the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. We …

In many ways, atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder and this issue is confirmed
by recent investigations of that have focused on inflammation, providing new insight into …

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) such as HSP 60 (Hsp60), Hsp70, Hsp90, and gp96, have been
reported to play important roles in antigen presentation and cross-presentation, activation of …

Background—Chronic infections have been implicated in the pathogenesis of
atherosclerosis, yet from an epidemiological perspective, this concept remains controversial …