The use of procedural sedation in birds has become a routine practice in veterinary
medicine during the past 10 years, with a corresponding increase in avian sedation …

Effective sedation methods are important to facilitate safe handling for diagnostic and clinical
procedures for small and often delicate birds such as budgerigars (Melopsittacus …

The anesthesia of caged of birds is unique not only from the aspect of anatomy and
physiology, but also due to unique requirements for anesthetic equipment, monitoring, and …

Avian anesthesia has advanced over the past 2 decades. A variety of inhalation and
injectable anesthetics have been documented to be safe in widely diverse taxonomic …

The sedative and anesthetic effects of diazepam (D), xylazine (X), thiopental (T) individually
and their combinations (DX, DT, XT & DXT) were evaluated in White New Zealand rabbits …

Background Avian anesthesia can be challenging due to birds' anatomical and
physiological peculiarities. Also, most drug doses and combinations used are empirical. The …

The aim of the present study was to compare the electrocardiogram findings, heart rate,
cloacal temperature, respiratory rate, and anaesthetic effects of medetomidine-ketamine or …

Smooth recovery from anaesthesia is vital in the restrain and surgery of animals, including
birds. In birds, ketamine is often combined with alph2 agonists, which are respiratory …

Most galliformes are robust ground‐dwelling birds, but are able to fly. This chapter discusses
the avian anatomy and physiology relevant to anesthesia. The main threat to the human …

The efficacy and safety of anesthetic techniques in wildlife have increased greatly, but
complications still exist. Some of these complications are predictable but others, such as …