Activation of glial cells and neuro–glial interactions are emerging as key mechanisms
underlying chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has implicated 3 types of glial cells in the …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important for intracellular signal transduction
and play critical roles in regulating neural plasticity and inflammatory responses. The MAPK …

Abstract Treatment of neuropathic pain, triggered by multiple insults to the nervous system,
is a clinical challenge because the underlying mechanisms of neuropathic pain …

Abstract Mu-Opioid Receptors (MORs) are well-known for participating in analgesia,
sedation, drug addiction, and other physiological functions. Although MORs have been …

Accumulating evidence over last several years indicates an important role of microglial cells
in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Signal transduction in microglia under chronic pain …

Pain is one of the classical signs of the inflammatory process in which sensitization of the
nociceptors is the common denominator. This sensitization causes hyperalgesia or allodynia …

Accumulating evidence suggests that microglial cells in the spinal cord play an important
role in the development of neuropathic pain. However, it remains largely unknown how glia …

Microglia are regarded as macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS) and play an
important role in neuroinflammation in the CNS. Microglial activation has been strongly …

The microglia, once thought only to be supporting cells of the central nervous system (CNS),
are now recognized to play essential roles in many pathologies. Many studies within the last …

Microglia are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS). Any insult to
the CNS homeostasis will induce a rapid change in microglia morphology, gene expression …