Air quality depends on the various gases and particles present in it. Both natural
phenomena and human activities affect the cleanliness of air. In the last decade, many …

Bone is a complex tissue with a variety of functions, such as providing mechanical stability
for locomotion, protection of the inner organs, mineral homeostasis and haematopoiesis. To …

Animal testing is used in pharmaceutical and industrial research to predict human toxicity,
and yet analysis suggests that animal models are poor predictors of drug safety in humans …

Human midbrain-specific organoids (hMOs) serve as an experimental in vitro model for
studying the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In hMOs, neuroepithelial stem cells …

Misled by animal studies and basic research? Whenever we take a closer look at the
outcome of clinical trials in a field such as, most recently, stroke or septic shock, we see how …

Although lack of efficacy is an important cause of late stage attrition in drug development the
shortcomings in the translation of toxicities observed during the preclinical development to …

The liver's role in metabolism of chemicals makes it an appropriate tissue for toxicity testing.
Current testing protocols, such as animal testing and two-dimensional liver cell systems …

The classic view on the pathogenesis of drug-induced liver injury is that the so-called parent
compounds are made hepatotoxic by metabolism (formation of neo-substances that react …

Vitamin C (ascorbate) is an essential water-soluble micronutrient in humans and is obtained
through the diet, primarily from fruits and vegetables. In vivo, vitamin C acts as a cofactor for …

When used during pregnancy, benzodiazepines (BZDs) and related z-drugs could pass
readily through the placenta and the foetal blood-brain barrier, where they can bind to γ …