Intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDRs)-regions that do not fold into a fixed three-
dimensional structure but instead exist in a heterogeneous ensemble of conformations-have …

Highlights•Not all IDRs undergo liquid–liquid phase separation.•IDRs are not necessary for
protein phase separation.•A stickers-and-spacers framework helps conceptualizing IDR …

Components of transcriptional machinery are selectively partitioned into specific
condensates, often mediated by protein disorder, yet we know little about how this specificity …

Endeavoring toward a transferable, predictive coarse-grained explicit-chain model for
biomolecular condensates underlain by liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) of proteins …

Highlights•Liquid-liquid phase separation underlies the formation of membraneless
organelles within cells.•Theory and molecular simulations help to relate interactions at the …

The protein folding problem was first articulated as question of how order arose from
disorder in proteins: How did the various native structures of proteins arise from interatomic …

Cell cycle transitions result from global changes in protein phosphorylation states triggered
by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). To understand how this complexity produces an …

It has recently become appreciated that cells self-organize their interiors through the
formation of biomolecular condensates. These condensates, typically formed through liquid …

Biomolecular condensates constitute a newly recognized form of spatial organization in
living cells. Although many condensates are believed to form as a result of phase …

In stark contrast to foldable proteins with a unique folded state, intrinsically disordered
proteins and regions (IDPs) persist in perpetually disordered ensembles. Yet an IDP …