The challenges in successful vaccination against influenza using conventional approaches
lie in their variable efficacy in different age populations, the antigenic variability of the …

CD4 T cells with cytotoxic function were once thought to be an artifact due to long-term in
vitro cultures but have in more recent years become accepted and reported in the literature …

Abstract Influenza A, B and C viruses (IAV, IBV and ICV, respectively) circulate globally and
infect humans, with IAV and IBV causing the most severe disease. CD8+ T cells confer cross …

The two major subsets of peripheral T cells are classically divided into the CD4+ T helper
cells and the cytotoxic CD8+ T cell lineage. However, the appearance of some effector …

There is an unmet public health need for a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) to provide
broad and durable protection from influenza virus infections. The identification of broadly …

Since inactivated influenza vaccines mainly confer protective immunity by inducing strain-
specific antibodies to the viral hemagglutinin, these vaccines only afford protection against …

In contrast to influenza A viruses, which have been investigated extensively, influenza B
viruses have attracted relatively little attention. However, influenza B viruses are an …

Due to continuous antigenic drift and occasional antigenic shift, influenza viruses escape
from human adaptive immunity resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in humans …

Current flu vaccines rely on the induction of strain-specific neutralizing antibodies, which
leaves the population vulnerable to drifted seasonal or newly emerged pandemic strains …

Avian virus infection remains one of the most important threats to the poultry industry.
Pathogens such as avian influenza virus (AIV), avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and …