Water is essential to life, but many people do not have access to clean and safe drinking
water and many die of waterborne bacterial infections. In this review a general …

Escherichia coli and thermotolerant coliforms are of major importance as indicators of fecal
contamination of water. Due to its negative surface charge and relatively low die-off or …

This article discusses the value and limitations of using microbial indicators to predict
occurrence of enteric pathogens in water. Raw or treated sewage is a primary source of …

Monitoring water quality is an essential tool for the control of pollutants and pathogens that
can cause damage to the environment and human health. However, water quality analysis is …

This article defines the term surrogate as an organism, particle, or substance used to study
the fate of a pathogen in a specific environment. Pathogenic organisms, nonpathogenic …

Infections caused by exposure to opportunistic pathogens can cause serious health
problems during recreational water use. The problem of diseases caused by microbes …

Online drinking water quality monitoring technologies have made significant progress for
source water surveillance and water treatment plant operation. The use of these …

In industrial countries, we take safe drinking water for granted. Due to an increase in world
population, the microbiological safety of drinking water is becoming a worldwide concern …

Water quality through the presence of pathogenic enteric microorganisms may affect human
health. Coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and coliphages are normally used as indicators of …

People rely on the quality of the bottled drinking water, expecting it to be free of microbial
contamination and health hazards. To evaluate the quality of bottled drinking water sold in …