Women have a higher incidence and prevalence of autoimmune diseases than men, and
85% or more patients of multiple autoimmune diseases are female. Women undergo …

Winter is energetically demanding. Physiological and behavior adaptations have evolved
among nontropical animals to cope with winter because thermoregulatory demands …

An extensive literature suggesting that PRL, GH, IGF-I, and thyroid hormones play an
important role in immunity has evolved. Because the use of one or more of these hormones …

Objective To evaluate the T helper 1 (T (H) 1)/T helper 2 (T (H) 2) lymphocyte cytokine
profiles in women and men and to study the in vitro effects of sex hormones on lymphocyte …

Sex hormones and systemic lupus erythematosus: review and meta-analysis Sex hormones
and systemic lupus erythematosus: review and meta-analysis Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Aug;48(8):2100-10 …

Estrogen and prolactin have a reciprocal endocrinologic relationship and both hormones
have pleiotropic effects on the immune system. Despite the presence of a number of …

The polypeptide hormone prolactin (PRL) is best known as the pituitary modulator of
lactation and reproduction. However, based on the almost ubiquitous distribution of PRL …

Prolactin is a peptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that is critical in
lactation. Prolactin can also be produced by lymphocytes, and both B and T cells express …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that predominantly affects
women of reproductive age. Pregnancy and its outcome is a major concern to most SLE …

Pathogenic autoimmunity requires a combination of inherited and acquired factors. In as
much as hormones influence the sexual dimorphism of the immune system, it is possible that …