It is a difficult task to describe what constitutes a 'healthy'shellfish (eg, crustacean, bivalve).
Visible defects such as discolouration, missing limbs or spines, fouling, lesions, and …

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have wide-ranging environmental impacts, including on
aquatic species of social and commercial importance. In New Zealand (NZ), strategic growth …

Bivalves were long thought to be “symptomless carriers” of marine microalgal toxins to
human seafood consumers. In the past three decades, science has come to recognize that …

Diarrhetic shellfish toxins produced by certain species of the marine dinoflagellate
Dinophysis can accumulate in shellfish in high concentrations, representing a significant …

Bivalves are carriers of toxins produced by harmful algal blooms (HAB) species and were
initially thought to be relatively unaffected. However, in recent years, increasing evidence …

ABSTRACT Bivalve aquaculture accounts for 14%–16% of the average per capita animal
protein of 1.5 billion people, supporting more than 200,000 livelihoods, mostly in developing …

Phycotoxins, which are produced by harmful microalgae and bioaccumulate in the marine
food web, are of growing concern for Australia. These harmful algae pose a threat to …

Harmful algae blooms have expanded greatly in recent decades, and their secreted toxins
pose a severe threat to human health and marine ecosystems. Saxitoxin (STX) is a main …

Okadaic acid (OA) is produced by dinoflagellates during harmful algal blooms and is a
diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning (DSP) toxin. This toxin is particularly problematic for bivalves …

Prorocentrum lima is a widely distributed marine benthic dinoflagellate that produces
diarrhetic toxins, okadaic acid (OA) and its analogs, that may promote damage on bivalve …