Cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming such as enhanced aerobic glycolysis,
mutations in the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, and upregulation of de novo lipid …

The identification of thrombospondin-1 as an angiogenesis inhibitor in 1990 prompted
interest in its role in cancer biology and potential as a therapeutic target. Decreased …

Rationale: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor of the digestive system.
However, the efficacy of surgery and chemotherapy is limited. Ferroptosis is an iron-and …

Cancer cells are commonly subjected to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. To gain survival
advantage, cancer cells exploit the adaptive aspects of the unfolded protein response such …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is considered a pioneering and effective modality for cancer
treatment, but it is still facing challenges of hypoxic tumors. Recently, Type I PDT, as an …

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized the treatment of cancer patients. The
main focus of ICB has been on reinvigorating the adaptive immune response, namely …

Although the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy (RT) can be enhanced by targeted
immunotherapy, the immunosuppressive factors induced by radiation on tumor cells remain …

The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein GRP78, also known as BiP and HSP5a, is a
multifunctional protein with activities far beyond its well-known role in the unfolded protein …

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is considered an effective death mode to trigger immune
response. However, the currently available efficient ICD inducers are quite limited …

HSP70 and HSP90 are two powerful chaperone machineries involved in survival and
proliferation of tumor cells. Residing in various cellular compartments, HSP70 and HSP90 …