Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a central cytokine in inflammatory reactions, and biologics
that neutralize TNF are among the most successful drugs for the treatment of chronic …

The transcription factor NF-κB regulates multiple aspects of innate and adaptive immune
functions and serves as a pivotal mediator of inflammatory response. In the first part of this …

Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are specialized proteases that remove ubiquitin from substrates or
cleave within ubiquitin chains to regulate ubiquitylation and therefore play important roles in …

Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) is a key mediator of cell
death and inflammation. The unique hydrophobic pocket in the allosteric regulatory domain …

Ubiquitination, an important type of protein posttranslational modification (PTM), plays a
crucial role in controlling substrate degradation and subsequently mediates the “quantity” …

Cell death supports morphogenesis during development and homeostasis after birth by
removing damaged or obsolete cells. It also curtails the spread of pathogens by eliminating …

The ubiquitin system is complex, multifaceted, and is crucial for the modulation of a vast
number of cellular processes. Ubiquitination is tightly regulated at different levels by a range …

The deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs, also known as deubiquitylases or deubiquitinases)
maintain the dynamic state of the cellular ubiquitome by releasing conjugated ubiquitin from …

Abstract Receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3, or RIP3) is an essential protein in the
“programmed” and “regulated” cell death pathway called necroptosis. Necroptosis is …

Adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity is stimulated to
promote metabolic adaptation upon energy stress. However, sustained metabolic stress may …