Introduction We present international consensus recommendations for improving diagnosis,
management and treatment access in multiple sclerosis (MS). Our vision is that these will be …

A large body of published work shows that proton (hydrogen 1 [1H]) magnetic resonance
(MR) spectroscopy has evolved from a research tool into a clinical neuroimaging modality …

Objective The aim of this work was to determine whether atrophy of specific retinal layers
and brain substructures are associated over time, in order to further validate the utility of …

The nervous and immune systems have evolved in parallel from the early bilaterians, in
which innate immunity and a central nervous system (CNS) coexisted for the first time, to …

Objective Prominent inflammation with formation of ectopic B‐cell follicle‐like structures in
the meninges in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS)(SPMS) is associated with …

Myelin loss and axonal damage are both observed in white matter injuries. Each may have
significant impact on the long-term disability of patients. Currently, there does not exist a …

Both axon and myelin degeneration have significant impact on the long-term disability of
patients with white matter disorder. However, the clinical manifestations of the neurological …

Myelin damage, as seen in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other demyelinating diseases,
impairs axonal conduction and can also be associated with axonal degeneration. Accurate …

The brain is unique among organs in many respects, including its mechanisms of lipid
synthesis and energy production. The nervous system-specific metabolite N-acetylaspartate …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central
nervous system. Due to its high prevalence, MS is the leading cause of non-traumatic …