Type 2 immunity is characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, and this
immune response is commonly observed in tissues during allergic inflammation or infection …

Interleukins, a group of cytokines participating in inflammation and immune response, are
proved to be involved in the formation and development of pulmonary fibrosis. In this article …

Fibrosis is a pathological feature of most chronic inflammatory diseases. Fibrosis, or
scarring, is defined by the accumulation of excess extracellular matrix components. If highly …

Background IgG 4-related disease (IgG 4-RD) is a systemic condition of unknown cause
characterized by highly fibrotic lesions with dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates. CD4+ T …

Pulmonary fibrosis is a highly heterogeneous and lethal pathological process with limited
therapeutic options. Although research on the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis has …

Macrophages are found in close proximity with collagen-producing myofibroblasts and
indisputably play a key role in fibrosis. They produce profibrotic mediators that directly …

Resident and recruited macrophages are key players in the homeostatic function of the liver
and in its response to tissue damage. In response to environmental signals, macrophages …

Myofibroblasts accumulate in the spaces between organ structures and produce
extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, including collagen I. They are the primary “effector” cells …

Recruitment of immune cells to the site of inflammation by the chemokine CCL1 is important
in the pathology of inflammatory diseases. Here, we examined the role of CCL1 in …

Pulmonary fibrosis and architectural remodeling of tissues can severely disrupt lung
function, often with fatal consequences. The etiology of pulmonary fibrotic diseases is varied …