Rod and cone photoreceptors support vision across large light intensity ranges. Rods, active
under dim illumination, are thought to saturate at higher (photopic) irradiances. The extent of …

Cone photoreceptors provide the foundation of most of human visual experience, but
because they are smaller and less numerous than rods in most mammalian retinas, much …

All sensory information is encoded in neural spike trains. It is unknown how the brain utilizes
this neural code to drive behavior. Here, we unravel the decoding rules of the brain at the …

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells of the M1 type encode environmental
irradiance for functions that include circadian and pupillary regulation. Their distinct role …

Specific connectivity patterns among neurons create the basic architecture underlying
parallel processing in our nervous system. Here we focus on the visual system's first …

Vertebrates acquired dim-light vision when an ancestral cone evolved into the rod
photoreceptor at an unknown stage preceding the last common ancestor of extant jawed …

Purpose: To determine if clinical and histopathologic findings were present in the eyes of
patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and explore correlations to an animal …

Retinal cones are photoreceptors for daylight vision. For lower vertebrates, cones are known
to give monophasic, hyperpolarizing responses to light flashes. For primate cones, however …

Rod photoreceptors generate measurable responses to single-photon activation of
individual molecules of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), rhodopsin. Timely …

Key points• The mouse retina has become a key model for research on the function and
dysfunction of the early stages of vision, but its photoreceptors have proven difficult to …