HIV strains continuously evolve, tend to recombine, and new circulating variants are being
discovered. Novel strains complicate efforts to develop a vaccine against HIV and may …

Since 2011, Romania has faced an HIV outbreak among injecting drug users (IDUs). Our
aim was to identify and describe clinical and epidemiological patterns of this outbreak. A …

Background A significant increase in HIV-1 diagnoses was reported among Injecting Drug
Users (IDUs) in the Athens (17-fold) and Bucharest (9-fold) metropolitan areas starting 2011 …

In Western Europe, the HIV-1 epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) is
dominated by subtype B. However, recently, other genetic forms have been reported to …

Background Non-B subtypes account for at least 50% of HIV-1 infections diagnosed in
Belgium and Luxembourg. They are considered to be acquired through heterosexual …

Background Estimation of temporal changes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
transmission patterns can help to elucidate the impact of preventive strategies and public …

The existing data support Portugal as the western European country with the highest HIV-1
subtype diversity. However, detailed phylogenetic studies of Portuguese HIV-1 epidemics …

HIV infections are still a very serious concern for public heath worldwide. We have applied
molecular evolution methods to study the HIV-1 epidemics in the Comunidad Valenciana …

Co-infections with HIV and HCV are very frequent among people who inject drugs (PWID).
However, very few studies comparatively reconstructed the transmission patterns of both …

Abstract HIV-1 recombination, reverse transcriptase (RT) low fidelity and high replication
rate are the drivers of variability and evolution on the global scale. Only few of these HIV-1 …