Mounting evidence suggests that the gut microbiome impacts brain development and
function. Gut–brain connections may be mediated by an assortment of microbial molecules …

The immune system is a very diverse system of the host that evolved during evolution to
cope with various pathogens present in the vicinity of environmental surroundings inhabited …

Inflammation is increasingly recognized as being a critical contributor to both normal
development and injury outcome in the immature brain. The focus of this Review is to …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are part of the innate immune response and were
originally discovered for their role in recognizing pathogens by ligating specific pathogen …

Fine control of neuronal activity is crucial to rapidly adjust to subtle changes of the
environment. This fine tuning was thought to be purely neuronal until the discovery that …

Recent studies have revealed that the gut microbiota modulates brain development and
behavior, but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here, we show that …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that are best-known
for their role in host defence from infection. Emerging evidence also suggests that TLRs …

The discovery of mammalian TLRs (Toll-like receptors), first identified in 1997 based on their
homology with Drosophila Toll, greatly altered our understanding of how the innate immune …

Microglia are key players of the immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) and,
being the resident innate immune cells, they are responsible for the early control of …

Microglial cells are the main innate immune cells of the complex cellular structure of the
brain. These cells respond quickly to pathogens and injury, accumulate in regions of …