The RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates diverse cellular processes as exemplified
by cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Activation of ERK1/2 generally …

Mouse models with cell-specific deletion of the estrogen receptor (ER) α, the androgen
receptor (AR) or the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), as well as …

Bone undergoes continuous remodeling, which is homeostatically regulated by concerted
communication between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-degrading osteoclasts …

Estrogen deficiency has been considered the seminal mechanism of osteoporosis in both
women and men, but epidemiological evidence in humans and recent mechanistic studies …

The Ras/Raf/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway plays a crucial
role in almost all cell functions and therefore requires exquisite control of its spatiotemporal …

Estrogen plays a fundamental role in skeletal growth and bone homeostasis in both men
and women. Although remarkable progress has been made in our understanding of how …

Both aging and loss of sex steroids have adverse effects on skeletal homeostasis, but
whether and how they may influence each others negative impact on bone remains …

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are localized to many sites within the cell, potentially contributing
to overall estrogen action. In the nucleus, estrogen mainly modulates gene transcription, and …

Osteoarthritis (OA) affects all articular tissues and finally leads to joint failure. Although
articular tissues have long been considered unresponsive to estrogens or their deficiency …

Bone mass in the skeleton is dependent on the coordinated activities of bone-forming
osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts in discrete bone multi-cellular units …