Balanced immunity is pivotal for health and homeostasis. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells are
central to the balance between immune tolerance and immune rejection. Th cells adopt …

The transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily is encoded by 33 genes and includes
TGFβ, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and activins. Although TGFβ is well recognized …

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of extraskeletal bone in non-osseous tissues. It
is caused by an injury that stimulates abnormal tissue healing and regeneration, and …

Since their original discovery as regulators of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion
and erythropoiesis, the TGF-β family members activin and inhibin have been shown to …

The placenta is a transient organ that forms during pregnancy to support the growth and
development of the fetus. During human placental development, trophoblast cells …

Activins are dimeric glycoproteins belonging to the transforming growth factor beta
superfamily and resulting from the assembly of two beta subunits, which may also be …

Sotatercept is an activin receptor type IIA-Fc (ActRIIA-Fc) fusion protein that improves
cardiopulmonary function in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) by …

The TGF-β superfamily of cytokines plays pivotal roles in the regulation of immune
responses protecting against or contributing to diseases, such as, allergy, autoimmunity and …

Plasticity and heterogeneity are hallmarks of myelomonocytic differentiation and polarized
activation. Evidence published in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology …

M-CSF favors the generation of folate receptor β–positive (FRβ+), IL-10–producing,
immunosuppressive, M2-polarized macrophages [M2 (M-CSF)], whereas GM-CSF promotes …