Over the last decade, important clinical benefits have been achieved in cancer patients by
using drug-targeting strategies. Nevertheless, drug resistance is still a major problem in …

Distinct regions harboring cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified within the
microenvironment of various tumors, and as in the case of their healthy counterparts, these …

Background Chemokine (CXC motif) ligand 13 (CXCL13) was known as a selective
chemotaxis for B cells, a product of follicular helper CD4+ T cells (T FH) and a contributor to …

Metastasis is the leading cause of death for cancer patients. During cancer progression, the
initial detachment of cells from the primary tumor and the later colonization of a secondary …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is essential in embryo development and
maintaining normal homeostasis. Extensive evidence shows that TGF-β activation acts on …

Incapacitated immune system is a characteristic hallmark of solid tumors. Immune system
within a tumor undergoes an imbalance in cellular dispersion and functionality. Effector cells …

Despite many advances and optimization in colon cancer treatment, tumor recurrence and
metastases make the development of new therapies necessary. Colon cancer stem cells …

During malignant transformation, a growing body of mutations accumulate in cancer cells
which not only drive cancer progression but also endow cancer cells with high …

Emerging evidences show that changes in tumor stroma can adapt cancer cells to
radiotherapy, thereby leading to a reduction in tumor response to treatment. On the other …

Cold tumors generally show low mutational burden and low infiltration of effector T cells. The
pancreas, prostate, ovary, breast, and colon are placed into the category of cold tumors. In …