The first suggestion that physical exercise results in free radical-mediated damage to tissues
appeared in 1978, and the past three decades have resulted in a large growth of knowledge …

It is well established that contracting muscles produce both reactive oxygen and nitrogen
species. Although the sources of oxidant production during exercise continue to be debated …

The observation that muscular exercise is associated with oxidative stress in humans was
first reported over 30years ago. Since this initial report, numerous studies have confirmed …

Rationale: In heart failure Ca/calmodulin kinase (CaMK) II expression and reactive oxygen
species (ROS) are increased. Both ROS and CaMKII can increase late I Na leading to …

Mitochondria form junctions with the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER), which support
signal transduction and biosynthetic pathways and affect organellar distribution. Recently …

Increased sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ leak via the cardiac ryanodine
receptor/calcium release channel (RyR2) is thought to play a role in heart failure (HF) …

In the heart, oxidative stress caused by exogenous H2O2 has been shown to induce early
afterdepolarizations (EADs) and triggered activity by impairing Na current (I Na) inactivation …

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is contained in industrial products, is also
generated within cells. H2O2 causes pain but it has not been elucidated how it activates …

Ryanodine receptor type 1-related myopathies (RYR1-RM) are the most common class of
congenital myopathies. Historically, RYR1-RM classification and diagnosis have been …

Significance: In heart failure (HF), contractile dysfunction and arrhythmias result from
disturbed intracellular Ca handling. Activated stress kinases like cAMP-dependent protein …