X-ray computed tomography (also referred to as X-ray CT, CAT scan, or simply 'CT') is a
technological advancement with expanding applications, from medical imaging and …

The substitution method—an empirical approach for uncertainty assessment (adapted from
the ISO 15530-3 guidelines) that is based on a comparison between repeated …

Measurement is an integral part of modern science as well as of engineering, commerce,
and daily life. Measurement is often considered a hallmark of the scientific enterprise and a …

X-ray computed tomography (CT) is uniquely suited for dimensional measurement of
components having internal geometry, difficult-to-reach part features, and easy-to-deform or …

Error methods–compared with uncertainty methods–offer simpler, more intuitive and
practical procedures for calculating measurement uncertainty and conducting quality …

Rating scales are popular methods for generating quantitative data directly by persons
rather than automated technologies. But scholars increasingly challenge their foundations …

Climate change presents a serious threat to endangered plant species within a restricted
habitat. Lilium polyphyllum D. Don ex Royle is a species indigenous to the coniferous forests …

(1) Measurand & Measurement Model. Define the measurand (property intended to be
measured, § 2), and formulate the measurement model (§ 4) that relates the value of the …

“Medicine is a science of uncertainty and an art of probability” claimed William Osler. 1, 2
History, physical examination, imaging, electrocardiogram, and laboratory investigations are …

Lord Kelvin famously stated that “when you can measure what you are speaking about and
express it in numbers you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it… your …