Cytokines of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, including TGF-βs, bone
morphogenic proteins (BMPs), activins, and Nodal, play crucial roles in embryonic …

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling is
involved in the vast majority of cellular processes and is fundamentally important during the …

Pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells must select between alternative fates of self-
replication and lineage commitment during continuous proliferation. Here, we delineate the …

BMP receptors determine the intensity of BMP signals via Smad1 C-terminal
phosphorylations. Here we show that a finely controlled cell biological pathway terminates …

The primary signalling pathway downstream of ligands of the transforming growth factor β
(TGF-β) superfamily is the Smad pathway. Activated receptors phosphorylate receptor …

The neural crest is a migratory population of embryonic cells with a tremendous potential to
differentiate and contribute to nearly every organ system in the adult body. Over the past two …

From a wealth of experimental findings, derived from both in vitro and in vivo experiments, it
is becoming clear that fibroblast growth factors regulate processes that are central to all …

Developmental biology teachers use the example of the frog embryo to introduce young
scientists to the wonders of vertebrate development, and to pose the crucial question,How …

Abstract In 1924, Spemann and Mangold demonstrated the induction of Siamese twins in
transplantation experiments with salamander eggs. Recent work in amphibian embryos has …

Embryos and developing organs have the remarkable ability of self-regenerating after
experimental manipulations. In the Xenopus blastula half-embryos can regenerate the …