Collagen is a macromolecule that has versatile roles in physiology, ranging from structural
support to mediating cell signaling. Formation of mature collagen fibrils out of procollagen α …

Prolyl 3-hydroxylation is a rare but conserved post-translational modification in many
collagen types and, when defective, may be linked to a number of human diseases with …

Collagen triple helices are stabilized by 4-hydroxyproline residues. No function is known for
the much less common 3-hydroxyproline (3Hyp), although genetic defects inhibiting its …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors provide promising benefits for patients with cancer. However,
efficacy has been encumbered by high resistance rates. It is critical to understand the basic …

Recent evidence suggests that the expression of brachyury is necessary for chordoma
growth. However, the mechanism associated with brachyury-regulated cell growth is poorly …

More than 550 million years ago, chordates originated from a common ancestor shared with
nonchordate deuterostomes by developing a novel type of larva, the “tadpole larva.” The …

Transcription factors (TFs) are DNA-binding proteins able to modulate the timing, location,
and levels of gene expression by binding to regulatory DNA regions. Therefore, the …

The transition from notochord to vertebral column is a crucial milestone in chordate evolution
and in prenatal development of all vertebrates. As ossification of the vertebral bodies …

Chondroitin sulphate (CS) glycosaminoglycan chains on cell and extracellular matrix
proteoglycans (PGs) can no longer be regarded as merely hydrodynamic space fillers …

High myopia is a severe visual impairment which can increase the risk of retinal
degeneration, subretinal hemorrhage, choroidal neovascularization, cataract and retinal …