Background The cause of multiple sclerosis is believed to involve environmental exposure
and genetic susceptibility. We aimed to summarise the environmental risk factors that have …

Dysfunction in the epithelium, breakdown of the blood–brain barrier, and consequent
leukocyte and T-cell infiltration into the central nervous system define Vascular Multiple …

Abstract Behind Medicine (M) is Physiology (P), behind Physiology is Physics (P) and
behind Physics is always Mathematics (M), for which I expect that the symmetry of the …

Recently, internal jugular vein stenosis (IJVS) is gaining increasing attention from clinical
researchers due to a series of confounding symptoms that impair the quality of life in affected …

Purpose: To evaluate if jugular vein flow restoration in various venographic defects
indicative of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in multiple sclerosis (MS) …

Assessment of cerebral venous return is growing interest for potential application in clinical
practice. Doppler ultrasound (DUS) was used as a screening tool. However, three meta …

Background Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has recently been
introduced as a chronic state of impaired cerebral or cervical venous drainage that may be …

There is evidence that patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and hydrocephalus share some
common pathophysiological mechanisms. Alterations in CSF pressure are known to affect …

It has been recently demonstrated that the internal jugular vein may exhibit abnormalities
classified as truncular venous malformations (TVMs). The investigation of possible …

A possibly causal relationship between multiple sclerosis and chronic cerebrospinal venous
insufficiency has recently been hypothesized. Studies investigating chronic cerebrospinal …