Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) is a diverse clinical entity characterized by symptoms and
signs which are caused by excessive tension on the spinal cord. The majority of cases are …

Heading Abstract Introduction. This review is primarily based on peer-reviewed scientific
publications and on the authors' experience in the field of intraoperative neurophysiology …

Objectives: To demonstrate possible advantages of combined (motor and sensory) versus
single modality (either motor or sensory) intra-operative spinal cord monitoring and to …

Study Design. Retrospective analysis of a prospectively accrued series of 213 consecutive
patients who underwent intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring with electromyography …

Study Design. Review of the literature with analysis of pooled data. Objective. To assess
common intraoperative neuromonitoring (IOM) changes that occur during the course of …

Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) is a stretch-induced functional disorder of the spinal cord.
The mechanical cause of TCS is an inelastic structure anchoring the caudal end of the …

Intraoperative electromyography (EMG) provides useful diagnostic and prognostic
information during spine and peripheral nerve surgeries. The basic techniques include free …

Intraoperative electromyography can provide useful information regarding lumbosacral
nerve root function during thoracolumbar spinal surgery. Free-running electromyography …

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the feasibility of intraoperative monitoring of the
bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) as an indicator of the functional integrity of sacral nervous …

The use of evoked electrophysiological responses during surgery on the nervous system
has become a common tool in the operating room. It is used to map the location of structures …