Repeated, episodic bouts of skeletal muscle contraction undertaken frequently as structured
exercise training are a potent stimulus for physiological adaptation in many organs …

The continual supply of ATP to the fundamental cellular processes that underpin skeletal
muscle contraction during exercise is essential for sports performance in events lasting …

Exercise exerts a wide range of beneficial effects for healthy physiology 1. However, the
mechanisms regulating an individual's motivation to engage in physical activity remain …

Variation in the human gut microbiome can reflect host lifestyle and behaviors and influence
disease biomarker levels in the blood. Understanding the relationships between gut …

Lactate, perhaps the best-known metabolic waste product, was first isolated from sour milk,
in which it is produced by lactobacilli. Whereas microbes also generate other fermentation …

As an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota can lead to the development of several
diseases (eg, type 1 diabetes, cancer, among others), the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and …

The anaerobic threshold (AT) remains a widely recognized, and contentious, concept in
exercise physiology and medicine. As conceived by Karlman Wasserman, the AT coalesced …

Mistakenly thought to be the consequence of oxygen lack in contracting skeletal muscle we
now know that the L-enantiomer of the lactate anion is formed under fully aerobic conditions …

Gut microbiota and exercise have recently been shown to be interconnected. Both moderate
and intense exercise are typically part of the training regimen of endurance athletes, but they …

Acute physical activity leads to several changes in metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune
pathways. Although studies have examined selected changes in these pathways, the system …