The phenomenon of behaviorally conditioned immunological and neuroendocrine functions
has been investigated for the past 100 yr. The observation that associative learning …

Summary Interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling is important for multiple potentially pathogenic
processes in the central nervous system (CNS), but the cell-type-specific roles of IL-1 …

Background: The last decade has witnessed a surge of findings implicating
neuroinflammatory processes as pivotal players in substance use disorders. The …

Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly potent and addictive psychostimulant that is
frequently abused worldwide. Although the biggest challenge to the efficient treatment of …

The HIV-1 regulatory protein, trans-activator of transcription (Tat), interacts with opioids to
potentiate neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration within the CNS. These effects may …

This paper is the fortieth consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of
research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during …

Although heroin and morphine are structural analogues and morphine is a metabolite of
heroin, it is not known how the effect of each substance on metabolites in vivo differs. Heroin …

The COVID-19 pandemic has aggravated a preexisting epidemic: the opioid crisis. Much
literature has shown that the circumstances imposed by COVID-19, such as social …

Repeated administration of heroin results in the induction of physical dependence, which is
characterized as a behavioral state of compulsive drug seeking and a high rate of relapse …

Background Systemic inflammation in which lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is released into
circulation can cause cognitive dysfunction and we have previously shown that LPS …