Unaddressed or poorly addressed conflicts present increasingly difficult obstacles to
effective conservation and management of many wildlife species around the world. The …

Almost every ecosystem has been amended so that plants and animals can be used as
food, fibre, fodder, medicines, traps and weapons. Historically, wild plants and animals were …

Protected areas (PAs) are a foundational and essential strategy for reducing biodiversity
loss. However, many PAs around the world exist on paper only; thus, while logging and …

Large-mammal populations are ecological linchpins, and their worldwide decline and
extinction disrupts many ecosystem functions and services. Reversal of this trend will require …

War is an ever-present force that has the potential to alter the biosphere. Here we review the
potential consequences of modern war and military activities on ecosystem structure and …

There has clearly been no lack of attention to the global environment in the years since the
Rio Conference. Thousands of committed people have worked hard to keep environmental …

Conservation efforts are only as sustainable as the social and political context within which
they take place. The weakening or collapse of sociopolitical frameworks during wartime can …

The effect of armed conflict on deforestation in biodiverse regions across Earth remains
poorly understood. Its association with factors like illegal crop cultivation can obscure its …

Establishing species conservation priorities and recovery goals is often enhanced by
extinction risk estimates. The need to set goals, even in data-deficient situations, has …

Understanding the effects of socio-ecological shocks on land use/land cover (LULC) change
is essential for developing land management strategies and for reducing adverse …