Trained immunity is a long-term increase in responsiveness of innate immune cells, induced
by certain infections and vaccines. During the last 3 years of the COVID-19 pandemic …

Once the first SARS-CoV-2 vaccine became available, mass vaccination was the main pillar
of the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was very effective in reducing …

Defective interfering (DI) particles arise during virus propagation, are conditional on parental
virus for replication and packaging, and interfere with viral expansion. There is much interest …

Virus-like particles resemble infectious virus particles in size, shape, and molecular
composition; however, they fail to productively infect host cells. Historically, the presence of …

Defective viral genomes (DVGs), which are generated by the viral polymerase in error
during RNA replication, can trigger innate immunity and are implicated in altering the clinical …

Defective viral genomes (DVGs) have been identified in many RNA viruses as a major factor
influencing antiviral immune response and viral pathogenesis. However, the generation and …

New broadly acting and readily available antiviral agents are needed to combat existing and
emerging viruses. Defective interfering particles (DIPs) of influenza A virus (IAV) are …

More than 100 arboviruses, almost all of which have an RNA genome, cause disease in
humans. RNA viruses are causing unprecedented health system challenges worldwide …

Productive infections by RNA viruses require faithful replication of the entire genome. Yet
many RNA viruses also produce deletion-containing viral genomes (DelVGs), aberrant …

Influenza A virus (IAV) defective interfering particles (DIPs) are considered as new promising
antiviral agents. Conventional DIPs (cDIPs) contain a deletion in the genome and can only …