Background and Purpose—Traditionally, cell death after cerebral ischemia was considered
to be exclusively necrotic in nature, but research over the past decade has revealed that …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced at low levels in mammalian cells by various
metabolic processes, such as oxidative phosphorylation by the mitochondrial respiratory …

Neuroinflammation is a host defense mechanism associated with neutralization of an insult
and restoration of normal structure and function of brain. Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of …

Glaucoma is an ocular disorder characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion
cells (RGC) and their axons. There are various hypotheses concerning the cause of RGC …

Three enzyme systems, cyclooxygenases that generate prostaglandins, lipoxygenases that
form hydroxy derivatives and leukotrienes, and epoxygenases that give rise to …

Cyclooxygenases (COXs) oxidize arachidonic acid to prostaglandin (PG) G 2 and H 2
followed by PG synthases that generates PGs and thromboxane (TX) A 2. COXs are divided …

Ischemic stroke is caused by obstruction of blood flow to the brain, resulting in energy failure
that initiates a complex series of metabolic events, ultimately causing neuronal death. One …

Phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2) belongs to a family of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of fatty
acids from the sn-2 position of phospholipids. There are more than 19 different isoforms of …

Astrocytes are the main support cells of the central nervous system. They also participate in
neuroimmune reactions. In response to pathological and immune stimuli, astrocytes …

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) generates arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and
lysophospholipids from neural membrane phospholipids. These metabolites have a variety …