The origin of a land flora fundamentally shifted the course of evolution of life on earth,
facilitating terrestrialization of other eukaryotic lineages and altering the planet's geology …

Cutin, a polyester composed mostly of oxygenated fatty acids, serves as the framework of
the plant cuticle. The same types of cutin monomers occur across most plant lineages …

L-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the first enzyme in the biosynthesis of
phenylpropanoid-derived plant compounds such as flavonoids, coumarins and the cell wall …

Lignin, a phenolic polymer derived mainly from hydroxycinnamyl alcohols, is ubiquitously
present in tracheophytes. The development of lignin biosynthesis has been considered to be …

Trees do not form a natural group but share attributes such as great size, longevity, and high
reproductive output that affect their mode and tempo of evolution. In particular, trees are …

Chlorella variabilis NC64A, a unicellular photosynthetic green alga (Trebouxiophyceae), is
an intracellular photobiont of Paramecium bursaria and a model system for studying …

A comprehensive, systematic, analytically unified, and interdisciplinary treatment of energy
in nature and society, from solar radiation and photosynthesis to our fossil fuelled civilization …

The evolution of the seed represents a remarkable transition for photosynthetic organisms. It
is the most complex and successful method of sexual reproduction in vascular plants. Seed …

Brown algal cell walls share some components with plants (cellulose) and animals (sulfated
fucans), but they also contain some unique polysaccharides (alginates). Analysis of the …

Plant speciation and diversification strongly rely on structural changes in the nuclear
genome, both at the whole ploidy and individual chromosome level. Phylogenetic …