Evidence is provided for a new conceptualization of the connectivity and functions of the
cingulate cortex in emotion, action, and memory. The anterior cingulate cortex receives …

Compulsion is a cardinal symptom of drug addiction (severe substance use disorder).
However, compulsion is observed in only a small proportion of individuals who repeatedly …

Animals have sophisticated mechanisms for coping with danger. Freezing is a unique state
that, upon threat detection, allows evidence to be gathered, response possibilities to be …

Learning the value of stimuli and actions from others—social learning—adaptively
contributes to individual survival and plays a key role in cultural evolution. We review …

This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

As the proverbial creatures of habit, people tend to repeat the same behaviors in recurring
contexts. This review characterizes habits in terms of their cognitive, motivational, and …

After growing up together, and mostly growing apart in the second half of the 20th century,
the fields of artificial intelligence (AI), cognitive science, and neuroscience are reconverging …

Once acquired, a fearful memory can persist for a lifetime. Although learned fear can be
extinguished, extinction memories are fragile. The resilience of fear memories to extinction …

An enduring and richly elaborated dichotomy in cognitive neuroscience is that of reflective
versus reflexive decision making and choice. Other literatures refer to the two ends of what is …

Understanding the brain requires us to answer both what the brain does, and how it does it.
Using a series of examples, I make the case that behavior is often more useful than …