The original hygiene hypothesis proposed that certain diseases derive from low levels of
early-life microbial exposure. Since then, the hypothesis has been applied to numerous …

Immune function is an energetically costly physiological activity that potentially diverts
calories away from less immediately essential life tasks. Among developing organisms, the …

Background: Amazonian populations are exposed to diverse parasites and pathogens,
including protozoal, bacterial, fungal and helminthic infections. Yet much knowledge of the …

Infection with intestinal helminths results in immunological changes that influence co-
infections, and might influence fecundity by inducing immunological states affecting …

Subjective Social Status (SSS) is a robust predictor of psychological and physiological
outcomes, frequently measured as self-reported placement on the MacArthur Scale of …

How organisms capture and ultimately use metabolic energy–a limiting resource of life–has
profound implications for understanding evolutionary legacies and current patterns of …

Background Childhood overweight and obesity (OW/OB) is increasingly centered in low-and
middle-income countries (LMICs) as rural populations experience market integration and …

Children's metabolic energy expenditure is central to evolutionary and epidemiological
frameworks for understanding variation in human phenotype and health. Nonetheless, the …

The hunting of wild animals for their meat has been a crucial activity in the evolution of
humans. It continues to be an essential source of food and a generator of income for millions …

Objectives Growth standards and references currently used to assess population and
individual health are derived primarily from urban populations, including few individuals …