▪ Abstract In large-herbivore populations, environmental variation and density dependence
co-occur and have similar effects on various fitness components. Our review aims to quantify …

Density‐dependence is a key concept in population dynamics. Here, we review how body
mass and demographic parameters vary with population density in large herbivores. The …

An animal's body condition will affect its survival and reproductive success, which influences
population dynamics. Despite its importance, relatively little is known about the body …

The innate immune system recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
that are expressed on infectious agents, but not on the host. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) …

The North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis (NARW), currently numbering< 410
individuals, is on a trajectory to extinction. Although direct mortality from ship strikes and …

1. A major current challenge in ageing research is to understand why senescence rates vary
between individuals, populations and species in wild populations. 2. Recent studies clearly …

For social species, the environment has two components: physical and social. The social
environment modifies the individual's interaction with the physical environment, and the …

Large body size is one of the best predictors of long life span across species of mammals. In
marked contrast, there is considerable evidence that, within species, larger individuals are …

Summary 1 Although life‐history theory predicts substantial costs of reproduction,
individuals often show positive correlations among life‐history traits, rather than trade‐offs …

How can the stunning diversity of social systems and behaviours seen in nature be
explained? Drawing on social evolution theory, experimental evidence and studies …