Cities are becoming increasingly complex in both form and function, while the planning
system retains the rational top-down mode–assuming that urbanity is predictable. However …

In recent decades, we have increasingly faced challenges as to how to plan our towns and
cities. In traditional planning thinking, autonomous urban progress has been considered …

Cities are complex adaptive systems (CAS), which show non-linear, unpredictable
development and emerging characteristics such as self-organization. The challenge for …