▪ Abstract Flagellated bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, swim by rotating thin helical
filaments, each driven at its base by a reversible rotary motor, powered by an ion flux. A …

Flagellar and translocation-associated type III secretion (T3S) systems are present in most
Gram-negative plant-and animal-pathogenic bacteria and are often essential for bacterial …

The bacterial flagellar motor is a reversible rotary nano-machine, about 45 nm in diameter,
embedded in the bacterial cell envelope. It is powered by the flux of H+ or Na+ ions across …

Chemotaxis is a mechanism by which bacteria efficiently and rapidly respond to changes in
the chemical composition of their environment, approaching chemically favorable …

Bacterial flagella are filamentous organelles that drive cell locomotion. They thrust cells in
liquids (swimming) or on surfaces (swarming) so that cells can move toward favorable …

Cells of Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium can sense chemicals in their
environment and respond by moving toward some and away from others. The ability to …

Elevated levels of the second messenger cyclic dimeric GMP, c‐di‐GMP, promote transition
of bacteria from single motile cells to surface‐attached multicellular communities. Here we …

We prepared fusions of yellow fluorescent protein [the YFP variant of green fluorescent
protein (GFP)] with the cytoplasmic chemotaxis proteins CheY, CheZ and CheA and the …

Three-dimensional reconstructions from electron cryomicrographs of the rotor of the flagellar
motor reveal that the symmetry of individual M rings varies from 24-fold to 26-fold while that …

Analysis of the bacterial genome sequences shows that many human and animal pathogens
encode primary membrane Na+ pumps, Na+-transporting dicarboxylate decarboxylases or …