Here we argue functional neuroanatomy for posture-gait control. Multi-sensory information
such as somatosensory, visual and vestibular sensation act on various areas of the brain so …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a range of motor symptoms. Besides the
cardinal symptoms (akinesia and bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity), PD patients show …

Cardinal motor features of Parkinson's disease (PD) include bradykinesia, rest tremor, and
rigidity, which appear in the early stages of the disease and largely depend on …

Motor imagery (MI) or the mental simulation of action is now increasingly being studied
using neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography and functional …

Freezing of gait (FoG) is a unique and disabling clinical phenomenon characterised by brief
episodes of inability to step or by extremely short steps that typically occur on initiating gait …

Freezing of gait is a common and disabling symptom in patients with parkinsonism,
characterised by sudden and brief episodes of inability to produce effective forward …

The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) mediates arousal, an essential
component of human consciousness. Lesions of the ARAS cause coma, the most severe …

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has long been considered an interface between the
basal ganglia and motor systems, and its ability to regulate arousal states puts the PPN in a …

Axial motor signs—including gait impairment, postural instability and postural abnormalities—
are common and debilitating symptoms in patients with advanced Parkinson disease …

The lateral part of the mesopontine tegmentum contains functionally important structures
involved in the control of posture and gait. Specifically, the mesencephalic locomotor region …