Background: Tobacco use appears to be the major national largest preventable cause of
death, having killed six million people and causing tens of billions of dollars of economic …

Objective Today, smoking is considered a pressing global health issue. The present study
aimed to estimate the total prevalence of hookah smoking among pupils and university …

METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted using a pre-tested, validated, and self-
administered questionnaire to identify the predictors of waterpipe smoking among university …

Waterpipe tobacco wastes (WTWs) may contain considerable levels of hazardous
contaminants such as BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, and m/p-xylene) …

Water-pipe tobacco smoking is harmful to health, yet its rate of prevalence remains
uncertain. Recent evidence has shown that the prevalence of water-pipe smoking among …

The aim of this study was to compare the concentrations of the benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds in the urine of smokers and the control group …

Purpose This study examined hookah use by students, their gambling status, and the factors
affecting it. Materials and Methods The research was descriptive and cross-sectional. A …

Waterpipe (WP) tobacco smoking increases the risk of smoking-related health problems. In
this study, we sought to identify the unobserved class memberships of WP-associated initial …

Shisha smoking is rapidly gaining popularity, especially among the youths, yet knowledge
on its toxic effects is limited. While the waterpipe device through which the smoke is …

Background: Hookah, as a traditional method of smoking, is widely used in Iran, especially
in Bushehr province. It is essential to identify the most important determinants of modifying …