The discovery of interleukin-2 (IL-2) changed the molecular understanding of how the
immune system is controlled. IL-2 is a pleiotropic cytokine, and dissecting the signaling …

Dysregulated signaling through the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways
is often the result of genetic alterations in critical components in these pathways or upstream …

The differentiation of CD4+ helper T cell subsets with diverse effector functions is
accompanied by changes in metabolism required to meet their bioenergetic demands. We …

The programmed cell death that occurs as part of normal mammalian development was first
observed nearly a century ago (Collin 1906). It has since been established that …

Protein kinase B or Akt (PKB/Akt) is a serine/threonine kinase, which in mammals comprises
three highly homologous members known as PKBα (Akt1), PKBβ (Akt2), and PKBγ (Akt3) …

▪ Abstract The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family of enzymes is recruited upon growth
factor receptor activation and produces 3′ phosphoinositide lipids. The lipid products of …

Proliferation of Ag-specific T cells is central to the development of protective immunity. The
concomitant stimulation of the TCR and CD28 programs resting T cells to IL-2-driven clonal …

▪ Abstract The 3-phosphorylated inositol lipids fulfill roles as second messengers by
interacting with the lipid binding domains of a variety of cellular proteins. Such interactions …

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) generate specific inositol lipids that have been
implicated in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, survival, differentiation and …

Akt is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is activated by a number of growth factors and
cytokines in a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase–dependent manner. Although antiapoptotic …