The study of individual behavioral variation, sometimes called animal personalities or
behavioral types, is now a well-established area of research in behavioral ecology and …

Within animal populations there is variation among individuals in their tendency to be social,
where more sociable individuals associate more with other individuals. Consistent inter …

There is increasing interest in understanding the processes that maintain phenotypic
variation in groups, populations, or communities. Recent studies have investigated how the …

It is well established that animals often differ consistently from one another in their
behaviour. Most work has focused on consistent differences in average behaviour, generally …

Individuals of gregarious species often group with conspecifics to which they are
phenotypically similar. This among-group assortment has been studied for body size, sex …

A fundamental tenet of maternal effects assumes that maternal variance over time should
have discordant consequences for offspring traits across litters. Yet, seldom are parents …

For the past decade, the study of personality has become a topic on the frontier of behavioral
ecology. However, most studies have focused on exploring inter-individual behavioral …

The social environment influences animal personality on evolutionary and immediate time
scales. However, studies of animal personality rarely assess the effects of the social …

Inter-individual behavioral variation is thought to increase fitness and aid adaptation to
environmental change, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We find that …

While there are now a number of theoretical models predicting how consistent individual
differences in behaviour may be generated and maintained, so far, there are few empirical …