Abstract Changes in ocean heat content (OHC) provide a measure of ocean warming, with
impacts on the Earth system. This Review synthesizes estimates of past and future OHC …

The risks of climate change are enormous, threatening the lives and livelihoods of millions to
billions of people. The economic consequences of many of the complex risks associated …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Anthropogenic climate change is decreasing seasonal snowpacks globally, with potentially
catastrophic consequences on water resources, given the long-held reliance on snowpack …

Internal variability in the climate system confounds assessment of human-induced climate
change and imposes irreducible limits on the accuracy of climate change projections …

Droughts that exceed the magnitudes of historical variation ranges could occur increasingly
frequently under future climate conditions. However, the time of the emergence of …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

Partitioning uncertainty in projections of future climate change into contributions from
internal variability, model response uncertainty and emissions scenarios has historically …

Quantifying signals and uncertainties in climate models is essential for the detection,
attribution, prediction and projection of climate change,–. Although inter-model agreement is …

As climate change research becomes increasingly applied, the need for actionable
information is growing rapidly. A key aspect of this requirement is the representation of …