The mammalian stress-activated families of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)
were first elucidated in 1994, and by 2001, substantial progress had been made in …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases comprise a family of ubiquitous proline-directed,
protein-serine/threonine kinases, which participate in signal transduction pathways that …

Malfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induce cellular stress and activate c-
Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNKs or SAPKs). Mammalian homologs of yeast IRE1, which …

The molecular details of mammalian stress-activated signal transduction pathways have
only begun to be dissected. This, despite the fact that the impact of these pathways on the …

Apoptosis plays an important role during neuronal development, and defects in apoptosis
may underlie various neurodegenerative disorders. To characterize molecular mechanisms …

A number of different intracellular signaling pathways have been shown to be activated by
receptor tyrosine kinases. These activation events include the phosphoinositide 3-kinase, 70 …

Sequential activation of kinases within the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK)
cascades is a common, and evolutionary-conserved mechanism of signal transduction. Four …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades are activated in response to various
extracellular stimuli, including growth factors and environmental stresses. A MAP kinase …

Cells are continuously exposed to a variety of environmental stresses and have to decide 'to
be or not to be'depending on the types and strength of stress. Among the many signaling …

UV irradiation acts as a broad activator of cell surface growth factor and cytokine receptors.
This ligand-independent receptor activation induces multiple downstream signaling …