Climate change in the past has led to significant changes in species' distributions. However,
how individual species respond to climate change depends largely on their adaptations and …

The glacial episodes of the Quaternary (2.6 million years ago–present) were a major factor
in shaping the present-day distributions of extant flora and fauna, with expansions and …

A fully updated guide to the increasingly prevalent use of molecular data in ecological
studies Molecular ecology is concerned with how molecular biology and population genetics …

The climatic cycles with subsequent glacial and intergalcial periods have had a great impact
on the distribution and evolution of species. Using genetic analytical tools considerably …

Refugia were critically important for species survival in both glacial and interglacial stages of
the Quaternary. The classical view of glacial stages is that alpine and arctic plants were …

ABSTRACT 1 Glacial refugia were core areas for the survival of temperate species during
unfavourable environmental conditions and were the sources of postglacial recolonizations …

Some decades ago, biogeographers distinguished three major faunal types of high
importance for Europe:(i) Mediterranean elements with exclusive glacial survival in the …

Abstract Aim The southern European peninsulas (Iberian, Italian and Balkan) are
considered to have been refugia for many European species of plants and animals during …

Aim This study uses a high‐resolution simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) climate
to assess:(1) whether LGM climate still affects the geographical species richness patterns in …

There is controversy and uncertainty on how far north there were glacial refugia for
temperate species during the Pleistocene glaciations and in the extent of the contribution of …