Germinal centers (GC) have been known as key anatomic structures in humoral immunity,
where isotype switching and affinity maturation occur. As a consequence, elucidation of GC …

The majority of HIV replication occurs in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) such as the
spleen, lymph nodes, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Within SLOs, HIV RNA+ cells are …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 play a critical role in the
control of immune homeostasis including the regulation of humoral immunity. Recently, it …

T regulatory cells (Tregs) are a key component of the immune system, which maintain a
delicate balance between overactive responses and immunosuppression. As such, Treg …

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a diverse family of cells that play critical roles in mucosal
immunity. One subset of the ILC family, Group 3 ILCs (ILC3s), has been shown to aid in gut …

Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has prevented the progression to AIDS and reduced
HIV-related morbidities and mortality for the majority of infected individuals. However, a …

T follicular helper CD4 cells (Tfh) are essential for the development and maintenance of
germinal center (GC) reactions, a critical process that promotes the generation of long-lived …

High‐affinity antibodies are produced during multiple processes in germinal centres (GCs),
where follicular helper T (Tfh) cells interact closely with B cells to support B‐cell survival …

Follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr) are a unique subset of CD4 T cells that control and impact
adaptive immune responses in the lymphoid follicles and germinal centers (GC). Since their …

Recent studies demonstrate that the stable HIV-1 reservoir in resting CD4+ T cells is mostly
formed from viruses circulating when combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) is initiated …