Kaposi sarcoma (KS) gained public attention as an AIDS-defining malignancy; its
appearance on the skin was a highly stigmatizing sign of HIV infection during the height of …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are fundamental sensor molecules of the host innate immune
system, which detect conserved molecular signatures of a wide range of microbial …

Microorganisms that invade a vertebrate host are initially recognized by the innate immune
system through germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Several classes of …

Abstract Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) was originally identified in the context of Epstein–
Barr virus (EBV) infection, and has since emerged as the crucial regulator of type I …

Research on innate immune signaling and regulation has recently focused on pathogen
recognition receptors (PRRs) and their signaling pathways. Members of PRRs sense …

Induction of the antiviral innate immune response depends on recognition of viral
components by host pattern-recognition receptors. Members of the Toll-like receptor family …

The interferon (IFN) system is an extremely powerful antiviral response that is capable of
controlling most, if not all, virus infections in the absence of adaptive immunity. However …

Induction of type I interferons (IFNs) by viruses and other pathogens is crucial for innate
immunity, and it is mediated by the activation of pattern-recognition receptors, such as Toll …

The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, consisting of nine members in mammals, was
identified in the late 1980s in the context of research into the type I interferon system …

A harmonized balance between positive and negative regulation of pattern recognition
receptor (PRR)-initiated immune responses is required to achieve the most favorable …