Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in cells during metabolic processes.
Excessive intracellular ROS may react with large biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA …

Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in the normal physiological functions of an
organism, ultimately leading to mortality. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an …

The active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), serves as a co-factor in more
than 150 enzymatic reactions. Plasma PLP has consistently been shown to be low in …

The kynurenine (Kyn) pathway is the major route for tryptophan (Trp) metabolism, and it
contributes to several fundamental biological processes. Trp is constitutively oxidized by …

IDO1 (indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1) is a member of a unique class of mammalian haem
dioxygenases that catalyse the oxidative catabolism of the least-abundant essential amino …

The mitochondrion is vital for many metabolic pathways in the cell, contributing all or
important constituent enzymes for diverse functions such as β-oxidation of fatty acids, the …

T regulatory cells play a key role in the control of the immune response, both in health and
during illness. While the mechanisms through which T regulatory cells exert their function …

The kynurenine pathway (KP) is highly regulated in the immune system, where it promotes
immunosuppression in response to infection or inflammation. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase …

The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the major metabolic route of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism.
Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO1), the enzyme responsible for the first and rate-limiting …

Oxido-reduction reactions are a fundamental part of the life due to support many vital
biological processes as cellular respiration and glucose oxidation. In the redox reactions …