Interest in additive manufacturing (AM) of polymers has intensified significantly in recent
years as various industrial and research sectors begin to recognize the benefits of the …

Smart materials, also known as intelligent materials, which are responsive to the external
stimuli including heat, moisture, stress, pH, and magnetic fields, have found extensive …

The concept of four-dimensional (4D) printing emerged from the addition of the time
dimension into the more established additive manufacturing (AM) methods, namely 3D …

Advanced materials were used and are being implemented in structural, mechanical, and
high-end applications. Contemporary materials are used and being implemented in …

Abstract Four-dimensional (4D) printing is gaining interest in the past few years. The
prototyping freedom of 3D printing coupled with the abilities of smart materials and their …

The idea of 3D printing ever since 1980's has agitated the research domains challenging the
conventional techniques with its inordinate efficiency in the utility of material, superior …

Shape memory polymers and their composites are capable to hold a temporary shape and
recover to the original shape upon exposure to a particular external stimulus. The stimulus …

Shape memory polymer (SMP) is a smart material that can revert from a temporary shape to
a permanent shape under external stimuli, showing great potential for applications in …

Abstract Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an advanced manufacturing technology that has
rapidly emerged as a transformative tool with the capacity to reshape various research …

Abstract Four-dimensional (4D) printing technology of continuous carbon fiber reinforced
shape memory polymer composites is a potential manufacturing process for lightweight and …