The emergence and evolution of life on our planet was possible because the sun provides
energy to our biosphere. Indeed, all life forms need energy for existence and proliferation in …

The light reactions of photosynthesis are hosted and regulated by the chloroplast thylakoid
membrane (TM)—the central structural component of the photosynthetic apparatus of plants …

The photosynthetic apparatus of green plants is well known for its extremely high efficiency
that allows them to operate under dim light conditions. On the other hand, intense sunlight …

Photosystem II (PSII) initiates photosynthesis in plants through the absorption of light and
subsequent conversion of excitation energy to chemical energy via charge separation. The …

Arabidopsis plants grown at low light were exposed to a gradually increasing actinic light
routine. This method allows for the discerning of the photoprotective component of NPQ …

Phototrophic organisms such as plants, photosynthetic bacteria, and algae use microscopic
complexes of pigment molecules to absorb sunlight. Within the light-harvesting complexes …

Solar fuel production, the process whereby an energy-rich substance is produced using
electrons provided by water under exposure to sunlight, requires the cooperative …

The chloroplast is the chlorophyll‐containing organelle that produces energy through
photosynthesis. Within the chloroplast is an intricate network of thylakoid membranes …

The use of renewable and clean energy is critically needed for the sustainability of our
society since fossil fuels cause serious environmental problems.[1, 2] Solar energy is …

Light is the primary energy source for photosynthetic organisms, but in excess, it can
generate reactive oxygen species and lead to cell damage. Plants evolved multiple …