Smoking is relevant to infectious diseases resulting in increased prevalence and mortality. In
this article, we aim to provide an overview of the effects of smoking in various infections and …

Global Effects of Smoking, of Quitting, and of Taxing Tobacco | New England Journal of Medicine
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In high-income countries, the biggest cause of premature death, defined as death before 70
years, is smoking of manufactured cigarettes. Smoking-related disease was responsible for …

The risk of progression from exposure to the tuberculosis bacilli to the development of active
disease is a two‐stage process governed by both exogenous and endogenous risk factors …

Objective To compare the hazards of cigarette smoking in men who formed their habits at
different periods, and the extent of the reduction in risk when cigarette smoking is stopped at …

Chronic diseases are the largest cause of death in the world. In 2002, the leading chronic
diseases—cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes …

Background Infectious diseases may rival cancer, heart disease, and chronic lung disease
as sources of morbidity and mortality from smoking. We reviewed mechanisms by which …

Background Smoking is a risk factor for several diseases and has been increasing in many
developing countries. Our aim was to estimate global and regional mortality in 2000 caused …

More than 36 million patients have been successfully treated via the World Health
Organization's strategy for tuberculosis (TB) control since 1995. Despite predictions of a …

On the basis of current consumption patterns, approximately 450 million adults will be killed
by smoking between 2000 and 2050. At least half of these adults will die between 30 and 69 …