It has long been appreciated that the Gram-negative outer membrane acts as a permeability
barrier, but recent studies have uncovered a more expansive and versatile role for the outer …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a crucial constituent of the outer membrane of most Gram-
negative bacteria, playing a fundamental role in the protection of bacteria from …

The cell envelope is the first line of defense between a bacterium and the world-at-large.
Often, the initial steps that determine the outcome of chemical warfare, bacteriophage …

Gram-negative bacteria are extraordinarily difficult to kill because their cytoplasmic
membrane is surrounded by an outer membrane that blocks the entry of most antibiotics …

Glycolipids (such as glycoglycerolipids, glycosphingolipids, and
glycosylphosphatidylinositol) and lipoglycans (such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) …

The emerging aptamer, developed through the systematic evolution of ligands by
exponential enrichment (SELEX) process, has revolutionized and facilitated the discoveries …

The defining feature of the Gram-negative cell envelope is the presence of two cellular
membranes, with the specialized glycolipid lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exclusively found on …

Polymyxins are last-resort antibiotics with potent activity against multi-drug resistant
pathogens. They interact with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in bacterial membranes, but …

Lipids are distributed in a highly heterogeneous fashion in different cellular membranes.
Only a minority of lipids achieve their final intracellular distribution through transport by …

Escherichia coli includes clonal groups of both commensal and pathogenic strains, with
some of the latter causing serious infectious diseases. O antigen variation is current …